Quantification of 6-Mercaptopurine and Its
Metabolites in Patients with Acute Lympoblastic
Leukemia Using Dried Blood Spots and
UPLC-MS/MS
Supandi Supandi, Supandi
This research aimed to quantitatively bioanalyze 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP),
6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP), and 6-thioguanosine-50
-monophosphate (6-TGMP) in dried
blood spots (DBS) prepared from a small volume of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients.
Analytes on the DBS card were extracted using 90% methanol with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as an internal
standard. Analytical separation was performed on a Waters Acquity® UPLC BEH AMIDA column of
1.7 μm (2.1 × 100 mm) with a mobile phase mixture of 0.2% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid
in acetonitrile-methanol, with gradient elution and a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Mass detection of 6-MP,
6-MMP, 6-TGMP, and 5-FU showed m/z values of 153.09 > 119.09, 167.17 > 126.03, 380.16 > 168.00,
and 129.09 > 42.05, respectively. This DBS method had a run time of 5 min and yielded a linear
calibration curve over a range of 25.5–1020 ng/mL for 6-MP, 6-MMP, and 6-TGMP. Analyte analysis in
22 of 24 ALL patients showed that the measured value of 6-TGMP as an active metabolite was in the
range of 29–429 pmol/8 × 108
erythrocytes. Five of 22 patients had concentrations in a therapeutic
range, which indicates that the treatment is effective, while 17 of 24 patients had concentrations below
the therapeutic range, which indicates that a treatment dose adjustment is needed. The measured
value of 6-MMP, an inactive metabolite, was in the range of 28–499 pmol/8 × 108
erythrocytes,
which includes concentrations below the hepatotoxic range. The method employed here can thus be
effectively utilized to support therapeutic drug monitoring.
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SEJARAH PSIKOLOGI
Rifma Ghulam Dzaljad, Rifma
Persoalan jiwa (psykhe) merupakan persoalan yang esensial dalam hidup manusia. Karena jiwa menjadi ukuran eksistensi hidup seorang manusia. Oleh karena itu, dalam sejarah pemikiran manusia pun, pemikiran mengenai jiwa sudah ada sejak lama bahkan sejak peradaban umat manusia awal dibangun. Namun bab ini tidak akan menjelaskan secara lengkap dari awal pemikiran manusia, melainkan membatasinya dengan hanya mengkaji pemikiran Yunani setelah masa Pra-Sokrates, yakni pemikiran tentang manusia dan jiwa yang diwakili oleh pemikiran Sokrates, Plato dan Aristoteles.
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Indonesian Mirabilis jalapa Linn. : A Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigations
Hanani, Endang
Introduction: Mirabilis jalapa Linn. is an important medicinal plant and used extensively by the people from different countries for the treatment of several disorders. The plant was the raw material for the herb-drug product, so some parameters identified were needed to ensure the safety, quality and efficacy of the product. Objective: The aim of this study was to undertake pharmacognostical studies to fulfill the work required for the identification the M. jalapa plant, which is collected from the Bogor area, Indonesia. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, fluorescence standards, phytochemical screening and physicochemical parameters were carried out on the above plant. Results: The parameters values of total ash, water soluble and acid insoluble ash were obtained 11.81, 5.06 and 0.41%, respectively. Moisture content, alcohol, water and ether soluble extractive were found to be 12.41, 11.02, 18.63 and 7.17% respectively. The results of preliminary phytochemical analysis of aqueous ethanolic extract of this drug were positive for alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroid, triterpenoids, saponin, phenols, glycosides and carbohydrate. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of alcoholic, chloroform and aqueous extracts showed 9, 7 and 4 spots respectively. Conclusion: The present study on botanical pharmacognosy and TLC profile of this plant above thus provides useful information for correct identification and quality control parameters for the crude drugs, and also will be useful in making monograph of the plant.
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10.5530/pj.2017.5.108
PSIKOLOGI KESEHATAN
Rifma Ghulam Dzaljad, Rifma
Kesehatan merupakan suatu yang sangat berharga dalam kehidupan manusia. Kesehatan mayarakat Indonesia menjadi salah satu faktor penunjang pembangunan bangsa Indonesia. Pencanangan ini termaktub dalam visi yaitu masyarakat, bangsa dan negara yang ditandai oleh penduduknya yang hidup dalam lingkungan dan dengan perilaku sehat, memiliki kemampuan untuk menjangkau pelayanan kesehatan yang bermutu secara adil dan merata serta memiliki derajat kesehatan yang setinggi-tingginya di seluruh wilayah nusantara.
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CASH POSITION, DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO, RETURN ON ASSET DAN
FIRM SIZE TERHADAP DIVIDENT PAYOUT RATIO
Setiawan, Edi
This research is aimed to knowing and analyzing the effect of
the cash position, debt to equity ratio, return on asset and firm
size to divident payout ratio. The type of data used in this study
is pool data which is a combination time series, and cross
section. panel data regression anlaysis test, election panel data
reression estimation techniques, heteroscedasticity test,
regression model analysis, and regression model testin and
regression coefficients. The result showed that the partial debt
to equity ratio and firm size no significantly influence the
divident payout ratio, while the cash position, return on asset
significantly influence the divident payout ratio.
Simultaneously, cash position, debt to equity ratio, return on
asset and firm size variable have a significant to divident
payout ratio.
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PERKEMBANGAN MANUSIA
Rifma Ghulam Dzaljad, Rifma
Manusia adalah individu yang unik.Tiap individu memiliki ciri dan sifat tertentu. Tidak ada dua individu yang perrsis sama, Walaupun mereka adalah saudara kembar. Saudara kembar dari sain telur, walaupun memiliki bentuk fisik yang nyaris serupa, perbedaan tetap tampak dari keduanya. Perbedaan tersebut dapat dilihat dari pola perilaku, sikap (pandangan/cara mereka terhadap su.itu hal/masalah) dan kepribadian (Sarwono, 2000) keduanya. Hal lain yang pasti berbeda pada tiap orang, bahkan pada kembar identik adalah susunan DNA mereka.
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CASH POSITION, DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO, RETURN ON ASSET DAN FIRM SIZE TERHADAP DIVIDENT PAYOUT RATIO
Edi Setiawan, Edi Setiawan
This research is aimed to knowing and analyzing the effect of
the cash position, debt to equity ratio, return on asset and firm
size to divident payout ratio. The type of data used in this study
is pool data which is a combination time series, and cross
section. panel data regression anlaysis test, election panel data
reression estimation techniques, heteroscedasticity test,
regression model analysis, and regression model testin and
regression coefficients. The result showed that the partial debt
to equity ratio and firm size no significantly influence the
divident payout ratio, while the cash position, return on asset
significantly influence the divident payout ratio.
Simultaneously, cash position, debt to equity ratio, return on
asset and firm size variable have a significant to divident
payout ratio.
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MUHAMMADIYAH DAN PEMBERDAYAAN KAUM MUSTADH’AFIN
Rifma Ghulam Dzaljad, Rifma
Kemiskinan merupakan masalah kompleks yang terjadi hampir di seluruh pelosok bumi. Kemiskinan adalah kelaparan. Kemiskinan berarti ketiadaan rumah, jika sakit tidak dapat berobat ke dokter, tidak dapat bersekolah dan tidak tahu baca-tulis, tidak punya pekerjaan, tidak bisa makan, hidup mengelandang, dan gambaran kesulitan hidup lain. Kemiskinan memiliki banyak wajah, berubah dari waktu ke waktu dan dapat dipaparkan dengan berbagai cara, tetapi yang pasti secara sederhana kemiskinan dapat dikatakan: “poverty is a situation people want to escape”.
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KEPRIBADIAN MANUSIA
El Hafiz, Subhan
Psikologi merupakan ilmu yang memiliki pijakan keilmiahan yang berbeda dengan ilmu lain, terutama jika dibandingkan dengan ilmu eksak. Secara normatif, objek material psikologi adalah jiwa namun eksistensi jiwa hingga kini masih dipertanyakan dan belum ada kata sepakat untuk menentukan “jiwa yang sesungguhnya”. Keabstrakan jiwa ini menyebabkan ilmu ini berdiri di atas asumsi-asumsi jiwa yang disepakati oleh beberapa kalangan ilmuan yang terus berubah dan berkembang sepanjang sejarah ilmu pengetahuan manusia. Sebagian ilmuan setuju bahwa dibalik tubuh manusia terdapat pengendali tubuh yang disebut dengan jiwa dan inilah yang dianggap esensi manusia sesungguhnya dan membedakan manusia dengan makhluk lainnya
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SECTOR-SPECIFIC AND SPATIAL-SPECIFIC MULTIPLIERS IN THE USA ECONOMY: WORLD INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS
Muchdie, Muchdie
This article calculates, presents and discusses on sectoral and spatial multipliers in the USA economy using 6-country-30 sector input-output tables for the year 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014. The results revealed that firstly, all sectors with total output multipliers more than 2; flow-on effect was more than initial effect. In the USA economy, there were 19 sectors in the year of 2000, 18 sectors in 2005, 2010 and 2014, with total output multipliers more than 2. Secondly, total output multipliers had negative correlation with percentage of multipliers that occurred in own-sector. The higher total output multipliers, the smaller percentage of multipliers occurred in own-sector. All initial effects occurred in own-sector. Parts of direct effects occurred in own-sector and parts occurred in other-sectors. All indirect effect occurred in other-sector. Thirdly, total output multipliers had negative correlation with percentage of multipliers that occurred in own-country. The higher total output multipliers, the smaller percentage of multipliers occurred in own-country. All initial and direct effects occurred in own-country. Parts of indirect effects occurred in other-countries.
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